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Common Prepositions in Arabic

syntaxprepositionssyntaxbeginner

Prepositions are small but powerful words that show relationships between nouns, verbs, and ideas. Arabic prepositions always come before the noun they govern.

The Essential Prepositions

PrepositionArabicTransliterationMeaningExample
inفيin / atفي البيت (fī al-bayt) — in the house
onعلى3alāon / uponعلى الطاولة (3alā aṭ-ṭāwila) — on the table
toإلىilāto / towardإلى المدرسة (ilā al-madrasa) — to the school
fromمنminfromمن القاهرة (min al-Qāhira) — from Cairo
withمعma3awithمع الصديق (ma3a ṣ-ṣadīq) — with the friend
withoutبدونbidūnwithoutبدون مشكلة (bidūn mushkila) — without a problem
aboutعن3anaboutعن الكتاب (3an al-kitāb) — about the book
beforeقبلqablbeforeقبل الغداء (qabl al-ghadā’) — before lunch
afterبعدba3dafterبعد العشاء (ba3d al-3ashā’) — after dinner
nearعند3indanear / at عند المكتبة (3inda al-maktaba) — near the library
underتحتtaḥtunderتحت الشجرة (taḥt ash-shajara) — under the tree
aboveفوقfawqabove فوق السقف (fawq as-saqf) — above the roof
in front ofأمامamāmain front of أمام البنك (amāma al-bank) — in front of the bank
behindخلفkhalfbehind خلف الباب (khalf al-bāb) — behind the door
betweenبينbaynabetweenبين المدرسة والبيت (bayna al-madrasa wal-bayt) — between the school and the house

Prepositions and Pronouns

Prepositions can attach pronoun suffixes to show “with me,” “to you,” etc.:

MeaningArabicTransliteration
with meمعيma3ee
with you (m.)معكma3aka
with you (f.)معكِma3aki
with himمعهma3ahu
with herمعهاma3aha
with usمعناma3anaa
with themمعهمma3ahum
in meفيّfīya
in you (m.)فيكfīka
in you (f.)فيكِfīki
in himفيهfīhi
in herفيهاfīha
in usفيناfīnaa
in themفيهمfīhum

Important: After most prepositions, the noun takes the kasra (ِ) case ending. For example, كتاب (kitaab, “book”) becomes في كتاب (fī kitaabin, “in a book”).

Prepositions and Noun Case

Arabic nouns change their case ending after prepositions:

CaseEndingExampleTransliterationMeaning
Nominative (subject)ُ (ḍamma)كتابٌkitaabuna book (subject)
Accusative (object)َ (fatḥa)كتاباًkitābana book (object)
Genitive (after prep.)ِ (kasra)كتابٍkitaabina book (after preposition)

Examples of Case Changes

NounAfter فيAfter علىAfter من
كتاب (kitaab)في كتابٍعلى كتابٍمن كتابٍ
بيت (bayt)في بيتٍعلى بيتٍمن بيتٍ
مدرسة (madrasa)في مدرسةٍعلى مدرسةٍمن مدرسةٍ
رجل (rajul)في رجلٍعلى رجلٍمن رجلٍ

Prepositions with Verbs

Many Arabic verbs require specific prepositions:

VerbPrepositionExampleMeaning
فكّر (fakkara) — to thinkفي (fī)فكّر في المشكلةthink about the problem
نظر (naẓara) — to lookإلى (ilā)نظر إلى السماءlook at the sky
سأل (sa’ala) — to askعن (3an)سأل عن الطريقask about the road
استمع (istama3a) — to listenإلى (ilā)استمع إلى الموسيقىlisten to music
اعتمد (i3tamada) — to dependعلى (3alā)اعتمد على اللهdepend on God
ابتعد (ib3ada) — to move awayعن (3an)ابتعد عن المشاكلstay away from problems
رجع (raja3a) — to returnإلى (ilā)رجع إلى البيتreturn to the house
خرج (kharaja) — to go outمن (min)خرج من الغرفةgo out of the room
دخل (dakhala) — to enterفي (fī)دخل في المبنىenter into the building

Prepositions with Time Expressions

Arabic uses prepositions to express time relationships:

PrepositionTime ExpressionTransliterationMeaning
في (fī)في الصباحfī aṣ-ṣabāḥin the morning
في (fī)في المساءfī al-masā’in the evening
في (fī)في الليلfī al-laylat night
على (3alā)على الوقت3alā al-waqton time
من (min)من الساعةmin as-sā3afrom the hour
إلى (ilā)إلى الأبدilā al-abaduntil forever
بعد (ba3d)بعد الغداءba3d al-ghadā’after lunch
قبل (qabl)قبل النومqabl an-nawmbefore sleep
عند (3inda)عند الصلاة3ind aṣ-ṣalāhat prayer time
منذ (mundhu)منذ زمنmundhu zamanesince a long time

Prepositions with Place Expressions

PrepositionPlace ExpressionTransliterationMeaning
في (fī)في المكتبfī al-maktabin the office
على (3alā)على الطريق3alā aṭ-ṭareeqon the road
تحت (taḥt)تحت الشجرةtaḥta ash-shajaraunder the tree
فوق (fawqa)فوق السقفfawqa as-saqfabove the roof
أمام (amāma)أمام البنكamāma al-bankin front of the bank
خلف (khalf)خلف البابkhalf al-bābbehind the door
بين (bayna)بين المدرسةbayna al-madrasabetween the schools
بجانب (bijaanib)بجانب النهرbijaanib an-nahrbeside the river
قريب من (qareeb min)قريب من المدرسةqareeb min al-madrasanear the school
بعيد عن (ba3eed 3an)بعيد عن المدينةba3eed 3an al-madīnafar from the city

Common Prepositional Phrases

These fixed expressions are used daily:

EnglishArabicTransliteration
in the name of Godبسم اللهbismillāh
thank Godالحمد للهal-ḥamdu lillāh
with God’s helpبمساعدة اللهbi-musā3at allāh
inshallah (God willing)إن شاء اللهin shā’ allāh
mashallah (God has willed it)ما شاء اللهmā shā’ allāh
on behalf ofنيابة عنniyāba 3an
in front ofأمامamāma
behindخلفkhalf
by means ofعن طريق3an ṭareeq
in exchange forمقابلmuqābil
in addition toبالإضافة إلىbi-l-iḍāfa ilā
instead ofبدلًا منbadalan min

Common Mistakes

1. Double prepositions:

  • إلى إلى البيت (to to the house)
  • إلى البيت (to the house)

2. Forgetting kasra:

  • في البيتُ (wrong case)
  • في البيتِ (correct kasra)

3. Using wrong preposition with verbs:

  • فكر على المشكلة
  • فكر في المشكلة (think about the problem)

4. Confusing من and عن:

  • من القاهرة — from Cairo (origin)
  • عن القاهرة — about Cairo (topic)

Cultural Notes

Prepositions are essential for:

  • Religious expressions: بسم الله, الحمد لله, إن شاء الله
  • Daily greetings: صباح الخير (good morning), مساء الخير (good evening)
  • Polite requests: من فضلك (please), عفواً (excuse me)

Tip: Prepositions are one of the most frequently used word classes. Memorize these 12 and you can express most spatial and temporal relationships in Arabic.

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