Prepositions are small but powerful words that show relationships between nouns, verbs, and ideas. Arabic prepositions always come before the noun they govern.
The Essential Prepositions
| Preposition | Arabic | Transliteration | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| in | في | fī | in / at | في البيت (fī al-bayt) — in the house |
| on | على | 3alā | on / upon | على الطاولة (3alā aṭ-ṭāwila) — on the table |
| to | إلى | ilā | to / toward | إلى المدرسة (ilā al-madrasa) — to the school |
| from | من | min | from | من القاهرة (min al-Qāhira) — from Cairo |
| with | مع | ma3a | with | مع الصديق (ma3a ṣ-ṣadīq) — with the friend |
| without | بدون | bidūn | without | بدون مشكلة (bidūn mushkila) — without a problem |
| about | عن | 3an | about | عن الكتاب (3an al-kitāb) — about the book |
| before | قبل | qabl | before | قبل الغداء (qabl al-ghadā’) — before lunch |
| after | بعد | ba3d | after | بعد العشاء (ba3d al-3ashā’) — after dinner |
| near | عند | 3inda | near / at | عند المكتبة (3inda al-maktaba) — near the library |
| under | تحت | taḥt | under | تحت الشجرة (taḥt ash-shajara) — under the tree |
| above | فوق | fawq | above | فوق السقف (fawq as-saqf) — above the roof |
| in front of | أمام | amāma | in front of | أمام البنك (amāma al-bank) — in front of the bank |
| behind | خلف | khalf | behind | خلف الباب (khalf al-bāb) — behind the door |
| between | بين | bayna | between | بين المدرسة والبيت (bayna al-madrasa wal-bayt) — between the school and the house |
Prepositions and Pronouns
Prepositions can attach pronoun suffixes to show “with me,” “to you,” etc.:
| Meaning | Arabic | Transliteration |
|---|---|---|
| with me | معي | ma3ee |
| with you (m.) | معك | ma3aka |
| with you (f.) | معكِ | ma3aki |
| with him | معه | ma3ahu |
| with her | معها | ma3aha |
| with us | معنا | ma3anaa |
| with them | معهم | ma3ahum |
| in me | فيّ | fīya |
| in you (m.) | فيك | fīka |
| in you (f.) | فيكِ | fīki |
| in him | فيه | fīhi |
| in her | فيها | fīha |
| in us | فينا | fīnaa |
| in them | فيهم | fīhum |
Important: After most prepositions, the noun takes the kasra (ِ) case ending. For example, كتاب (kitaab, “book”) becomes في كتاب (fī kitaabin, “in a book”).
Prepositions and Noun Case
Arabic nouns change their case ending after prepositions:
| Case | Ending | Example | Transliteration | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative (subject) | ُ (ḍamma) | كتابٌ | kitaabun | a book (subject) |
| Accusative (object) | َ (fatḥa) | كتاباً | kitāban | a book (object) |
| Genitive (after prep.) | ِ (kasra) | كتابٍ | kitaabin | a book (after preposition) |
Examples of Case Changes
| Noun | After في | After على | After من |
|---|---|---|---|
| كتاب (kitaab) | في كتابٍ | على كتابٍ | من كتابٍ |
| بيت (bayt) | في بيتٍ | على بيتٍ | من بيتٍ |
| مدرسة (madrasa) | في مدرسةٍ | على مدرسةٍ | من مدرسةٍ |
| رجل (rajul) | في رجلٍ | على رجلٍ | من رجلٍ |
Prepositions with Verbs
Many Arabic verbs require specific prepositions:
| Verb | Preposition | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| فكّر (fakkara) — to think | في (fī) | فكّر في المشكلة | think about the problem |
| نظر (naẓara) — to look | إلى (ilā) | نظر إلى السماء | look at the sky |
| سأل (sa’ala) — to ask | عن (3an) | سأل عن الطريق | ask about the road |
| استمع (istama3a) — to listen | إلى (ilā) | استمع إلى الموسيقى | listen to music |
| اعتمد (i3tamada) — to depend | على (3alā) | اعتمد على الله | depend on God |
| ابتعد (ib3ada) — to move away | عن (3an) | ابتعد عن المشاكل | stay away from problems |
| رجع (raja3a) — to return | إلى (ilā) | رجع إلى البيت | return to the house |
| خرج (kharaja) — to go out | من (min) | خرج من الغرفة | go out of the room |
| دخل (dakhala) — to enter | في (fī) | دخل في المبنى | enter into the building |
Prepositions with Time Expressions
Arabic uses prepositions to express time relationships:
| Preposition | Time Expression | Transliteration | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| في (fī) | في الصباح | fī aṣ-ṣabāḥ | in the morning |
| في (fī) | في المساء | fī al-masā’ | in the evening |
| في (fī) | في الليل | fī al-layl | at night |
| على (3alā) | على الوقت | 3alā al-waqt | on time |
| من (min) | من الساعة | min as-sā3a | from the hour |
| إلى (ilā) | إلى الأبد | ilā al-abad | until forever |
| بعد (ba3d) | بعد الغداء | ba3d al-ghadā’ | after lunch |
| قبل (qabl) | قبل النوم | qabl an-nawm | before sleep |
| عند (3inda) | عند الصلاة | 3ind aṣ-ṣalāh | at prayer time |
| منذ (mundhu) | منذ زمن | mundhu zamane | since a long time |
Prepositions with Place Expressions
| Preposition | Place Expression | Transliteration | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| في (fī) | في المكتب | fī al-maktab | in the office |
| على (3alā) | على الطريق | 3alā aṭ-ṭareeq | on the road |
| تحت (taḥt) | تحت الشجرة | taḥta ash-shajara | under the tree |
| فوق (fawqa) | فوق السقف | fawqa as-saqf | above the roof |
| أمام (amāma) | أمام البنك | amāma al-bank | in front of the bank |
| خلف (khalf) | خلف الباب | khalf al-bāb | behind the door |
| بين (bayna) | بين المدرسة | bayna al-madrasa | between the schools |
| بجانب (bijaanib) | بجانب النهر | bijaanib an-nahr | beside the river |
| قريب من (qareeb min) | قريب من المدرسة | qareeb min al-madrasa | near the school |
| بعيد عن (ba3eed 3an) | بعيد عن المدينة | ba3eed 3an al-madīna | far from the city |
Common Prepositional Phrases
These fixed expressions are used daily:
| English | Arabic | Transliteration |
|---|---|---|
| in the name of God | بسم الله | bismillāh |
| thank God | الحمد لله | al-ḥamdu lillāh |
| with God’s help | بمساعدة الله | bi-musā3at allāh |
| inshallah (God willing) | إن شاء الله | in shā’ allāh |
| mashallah (God has willed it) | ما شاء الله | mā shā’ allāh |
| on behalf of | نيابة عن | niyāba 3an |
| in front of | أمام | amāma |
| behind | خلف | khalf |
| by means of | عن طريق | 3an ṭareeq |
| in exchange for | مقابل | muqābil |
| in addition to | بالإضافة إلى | bi-l-iḍāfa ilā |
| instead of | بدلًا من | badalan min |
Common Mistakes
1. Double prepositions:
- ❌ إلى إلى البيت (to to the house)
- ✅ إلى البيت (to the house)
2. Forgetting kasra:
- ❌ في البيتُ (wrong case)
- ✅ في البيتِ (correct kasra)
3. Using wrong preposition with verbs:
- ❌ فكر على المشكلة
- ✅ فكر في المشكلة (think about the problem)
4. Confusing من and عن:
- من القاهرة — from Cairo (origin)
- عن القاهرة — about Cairo (topic)
Cultural Notes
Prepositions are essential for:
- Religious expressions: بسم الله, الحمد لله, إن شاء الله
- Daily greetings: صباح الخير (good morning), مساء الخير (good evening)
- Polite requests: من فضلك (please), عفواً (excuse me)
Tip: Prepositions are one of the most frequently used word classes. Memorize these 12 and you can express most spatial and temporal relationships in Arabic.
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